Volume 59,Issue 3,2020 Table of Contents

1 THE DISCOVERY OF THE BATHYNOTUS HOLOPYGUS (HALL, 1859) IN THE CAMBRIAN KAILI FORMATION OF BALANG IN JIANHE, GUIZHOU

ZHAO Xiao-yun , ZHAO Yuan-long , XU Liu-en , CHEN Sheng-guang

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.055 CSTR:

[Abstract](682) [HTML](0) [PDF 4.78 M](2140)

Abstract:
Bathynotus (Hall, 1859), occurs widely in Laurentia, South China, Australia and Siberia. Bathynotus holopygus (Hall, 1859), one of the representative trilobites of late Cambrian Series 2, has been a dramatic index fossil for the subdivision of the Cam-brian System. The type species of this genus is characterized by its long and slender genal spine, wide axis and a well-developed macropleural spine on 11th segment followed by two distinctly narrow segments; with a narrow geological range and only occurs in South China and North America. The material from South China is mainly found in East Guizhou of the transition zone between the Yangtze Platform and Jiangnan Basin. The vertical extension of B. holopygus-bearing stra-ta is short and only restricted at the top of the Cambrian Stage 4. The appearance of B. holopygus provides an important global stratigraphic marker of the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Miaolingian Series. The specimens described in this paper were collected from the layer that is 2 m below the boundary of Wuliuan Stage of Miaolingian Series. This dis-covery is not only the first documentation of this species in the area but also the fourth locality recorded for this species glob-ally. This study deeply describes the characteristics and developmental trends of B. holopygus through the mathematical anal-ysis of its parameters, and provides new materials for the study of this genus. According to the newly discovered specimens, it is inferred that the rostral plate is fused with the hypostome.

2 EOCENE CHAROPHYTE FLORA FROM THE XIA GANCHAIGOU FORMATION IN ZONGMAHAI LAKE AREA, QAIDAM BASIN, NORTHWEST CHINA

LI Sha , WANG Qi-fei , CUI Qing-gang , ZHANG Shu-qi , WANG He , ZHANG Hai-chun

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.018 CSTR:

[Abstract](385) [HTML](0) [PDF 3.45 M](1890)

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The Qaidam Basin is the largest terrestrial basin with the most continuous Cenozoic sediments in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. It is located in the northwestern Qinghai Province, northwestern China, triangular in shape, bounded by the Altyn-Tagh to the northwest, the Qilian Mountain-Nan Mountain to the northeast, and the Eastern Kunlun Mountain to the south. The basin has an area of ~200000 km2, with altitude between 2600 and 3000 meters. The Cenozoic consists of 7 for-mations, in ascending order: Lulehe, Xia Ganchaigou, Shang Ganchaigou, Xia Youshashan, Shang Youshashan, Shizigou, and Qigequan formations. The charophyte fossils are very abundant and display different floral assemblages with different ages in the Qaidam Basin, according to previous charophyte biostratigraphy studies for oil exploration over the last 60 years. The Eocene Xia Ganchaigou Formation is well exposed in the Yidaogou Section in the Zongmahaihu area, the northern Qaidam Basin. The lithology was described in detail, dominated by brownish-red mudstone, interbedded with light gray-ish-green gypsum-containing fine sandstone, calcareous silty fine sandstone, and a small amount of gravel-containing coarse sandstone and brownish red limestone. Two species belonged to two genera of charophytes were found from this formation including Lamprothamnium ganchaigouensis (Tang and Di) Li et al. comb. nov. and Lychnothamnus vectensis (Groves) Soulié-M?rsche. L. ganchaigouensis was newly combined. L. vectensis, previously known from the Eocene to Oligocene in Europe, is reported in China Eocene deposits for the first time, and its intraspecific variation is discussed based on population, including size range and continuous variations of apical ornaments. The population of L. vectensis has a tendency to increase in gyrogonite size with the increase of latitude. On the contrary, the latitude of the Qaidam Basin is lower than that of the Ebro and Paris basins in Europe, but the population from the Qaidam Basin is larger in gyrogonite size than those from the latter two basins. It was speculated that higher water clarity and/or higher temperature of palaeolakes produced larger gyrog-onites in the Qaidam Basin.

3 REINVESTIGATION ON THE FOLLICLE FOSSILS OF FIRMIANA (MALVACEAE) FROM THE MIOCENE SHANWANG FORMATION OF SHANDONG PROVINCE

WANG Zi-xi , SHI Gong-le , YIN Su-xin ,

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.040 CSTR:

[Abstract](491) [HTML](0) [PDF 8.60 M](2111)

Abstract:
Firmiana Marsili comprises ca. 16 species currently distributed in tropical to subtropical areas of eastern Africa and east-ern-southeastern Asia, and is widely cultivated in southern and northern China. Follicles of Firmiana are readily distin-guishable since they are dehiscent at maturity with dehiscent carpel foliate and membranous. However, follicle fossils of Firmiana are very rare and have been only known from the lower Miocene of Linqu, Shandong, East China and the upper Miocene of Lincang, Southwest China. Here we examine the follicle fossils of Firmiana from the lower Miocene Shanwang Formation of Linqu County, Shandong Province and find that the Miocene Shanwang flora includes two species of Firmi-ana—Firmiana sinomiocenica Hu and Chaney and F. yunnanensis Xie and Manchester. The specific diagnosis of F. sinomi-ocenica was emended based on the additional well-preserved seed-bearing fruit fossils. These new materials indicate that Firmiana already has a certain diversity in east China during the early Miocene. Firmiana sinomiocenica is the most similar to the living species F. simplex (L.) W. Wight in morphology, which suggests that F. simplex is a relatively primitive species in the genus. The sizes of carpels and seeds of F. sinomiocenica indicate that the chromosome ploidy of fossil Firmiana that occurred around 17 Ma was likely similar to that of extant F. simplex. Remarkably, the boat-like shape and membranous folli-cle favors wind dispersal. Together with other winged fruits, the Firmiana fossil fruits suggest that wind dispersal was well represented in the early Miocene Shanwang flora.

4 AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE OF ACID DIGESTION FOR EXTRACTING WEAKLY-SILICIFIED BRACHIOPODS FROM LIMESTONE

ZHANG Hong-yong , ZHANG Yu-chen ,

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.001 CSTR:

[Abstract](503) [HTML](0) [PDF 5.43 M](3073)

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Brachiopods are a group of lophotrochozoan animals, which have a long geological range from the Cambrian to Recent and a considerable geographical distribution in Paleozoic marine environments. Most rhynchonelliformean brachiopod shells are composed of calcite, and preserved in different kinds of sedimentary rocks (e.g. limestone, dolomite, siltstone, mudstone, and shale). An improved technique of acid digestion for extracting weakly-silicified brachiopod fossils from limestone is intro-duced here. This method includes a series of processes, i.e. preparing samples (fresh rock samples cut into cuboid pieces of 40 ? 20 ? 20 cm3 approximately), suspending samples (samples suspended in an acid-resistant container by wire), making an ethanoic acid solution (the concentration of the acetic acid within the range of 0.5%–3% in volume), etching samples (a series of procedures involved to keep acid solution effective for etching samples but harmless to brachiopod shells), and brushing mask liquid (cellulose acetate solution involved here to mask shells from acid etching). This method is effective in extracting weakly-silicified brachiopod fossils from limestone, and is applicable for extract-ing other kinds of fossils with similar preservation. However, this method is time-consuming and complicated compared with the classic acid technique. Sample processing may take two to four months, depending on the host-rock lithology, concentra-tion of the acetic acid solution, and the ambient temperature of acid digestion lab. This improved technique yielded many intact, weakly-silicified, and well-preserved brachiopod fossils with delicate car-dinal process and dental plates, extracted from the upper part of the Tiezufeike Formation (Upper Ordovician) of the Wandunshan section, Butuo County, Sichuan Province. Some of them were photographed under an optical microscope without physical modification and presented here as examples.

5 The 2020 Council Meeting for Science Popularization Committee of the Palaeontological Society of China held in Liyang of Changzhou

Secretariat of Palaeontological Society of China

2020, 59(3). CSTR:

[Abstract](352) [HTML](0) [PDF 192.98 K](1787)

Abstract:
中国古生物学会科普工作委员会2020年全体委员会会议于2020年7月28日–7月30日在常州溧阳举行。名誉主任孙革, 主任王永栋、副主任孟庆金、王原、单华春、冯伟民、秘书长李国祥, 以及来自全国各地包括14个自然类和地质古生物博物馆馆长在内的科普工作者共42人出席会议。会议由卓谨信息科技(常州)有限公司承办。

6 Cover illustration: Firmiana sinomiocenica; Shanwang Basin, Shandong Province, Early Miocene. Courtesy of Wang Zi-xi and Shi Gong-le; Shi Gong-le, the photographer.

封面介绍: 华梧桐; 山东省山旺盆地 , 早中新世。史恭乐拍摄，王姿晰、史恭乐共同提供。

2020, 59(3). CSTR:

[Abstract](377) [HTML](0) [PDF 15.36 M](1684)

Abstract:
Cover illustration: Firmiana sinomiocenica; Shanwang Basin, Shandong Province, Early Miocene. Courtesy of Wang Zi-xi and Shi Gong-le; Shi Gong-le, the photographer.

7 BOOK OF “PALAEOBOTANICA SINICA: GINKGOPHYTES” GET PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE PRESS

YANG Xiao-ju

2020, 59(3). CSTR:

[Abstract](543) [HTML](0) [PDF 655.71 K](2315)

Abstract:
由中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所周志炎研究员?杨小菊研究员?吴向午研究员等耗费十余年时间编著的《银杏植物》专著(图1)于2020年在科学出版社正式出版。作为《中国古植物志》编辑委员会主编的一系列分册中的一册, 这是第一本编著完成并出版的古植物志书。中国的古植物研究始自十九世纪后半叶,早期的论著都是由西方国家的学者发表, 直到二十世纪20年代以后才有中国学者开始研究中国的植物化石, 迄今为止也已过去近一个世纪。在过去的百余年里, 中国的古植物学走过了曲折而光辉的发展历程,取得了举世瞩目的成就, 特别是关于中生代银杏目化石的系统研究被誉为是该领域具有里程碑意义的工作。

8 APPLICATIONS OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN PALEOCEANOGRAPHY

GUO Qi-mei , LI Bao-hua , WANG Xiao-yan , YU Zhou-fei , XU Ye , ZHANG Kai ,

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.014 CSTR:

[Abstract](827) [HTML](0) [PDF 3.67 M](2710)

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Exploring ocean circulation patterns and variations in physical and chemical properties of seawater in the geological history through analyses on marine sediments is one of the important contents of paleoceanography. High sensitivity of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to environmental changes, and close correlation of their shell stable isotopes and trace elements with seawater properties make benthic foraminifera a useful tool of paleoceanography. However, the applications are restricted by several factors to a certain degree, such as vital effects, benthic foraminiferal regional distributions and factors from seawater. This review summarizes the applications of benthic foraminifera and their shell isotopes and trace elements in paleoceanog-raphy, and possible limiting factors in the process of application, to facilitate objective analyses in specific research, thus im-proving the reliability of paleoceanographic reconstructions.

9 NETWORK ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION IN PALEONTOLOGY — A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION

WANG Qian , , HUANG Bing ,

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.014 CSTR:

[Abstract](703) [HTML](0) [PDF 5.86 M](1992)

Abstract:
Network analysis (NA) is the analyzation of networks through graph theory. It is a new way of data visua- lization technique and quantitative method that can be breaking down a complex data system into its component parts and plotting them to show their interdependencies and interrelationships. There are many research cases in the fields of quantitative social science, com-puter science and machine learning. In recent years, this analytical method has attracted more and more attention in quantita-tive paleontology, especially in palaeobiogeography. In this paper, basic principles of NA and common network are briefly introduced, i.e. the adjacency matrix commonly used in co-occurrence network, and the incidence matrix involved in bipartite network. The important parameters and their definition of NA, such as average degree, graph density and modularity are also described. The two ways to realize the NA and their related tools are given, which are Gephi software and R project. After compared the procedure and results of the two ways, we found that although the network diagram can be easily generated by Gephi, and its diagram is more artistic than R, its algorithm function is limited because of deficiency of parameter settings. Furthermore, the Gephi is unable to carry out data processing before plotting, and projection of network nodes to map after plotting, while these related works can be proceeded in R project. Mostly because of flexibility of program with R language, we finally recommended use R project for network analysis. With taking the global dataset of brachiopods in the recovery period after the end Ordovician mass extinction as an example, we introduced the network analysis with R project with its package ‘igraph’ in detail. The study also tested NA using raw data compared with the revised information, and proved the importance of revision for raw data especially for small dataset. With the program we coded for processing the data and plot network graph automatically, we hope that it will be helpful for paleontologists and students who would use network analy-sis.

10 DISCUSSION ON THE CAMBRIAN GENUS SHANCHENGZIELLA

YUAN Jin-liang , GAO Jian , REN Guang-ying , WU Tian-wei

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.03.02 CSTR:

[Abstract](541) [HTML](0) [PDF 837.94 K](1852)

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Based on the new material collected from the medium bedded to thin-bedded glauconitic limestone in the lowermost part of the Chaumitien Formation, the diagnosis and occurrences of the genus Shanchengziella Lu and Qian, 1983 have been revised. Metapianaspis Qian, 1994 and Zhalangtania Zhou in Zhou et al., 1996 are considered as synonymous with Shanchengziella, which is grouped within the family Cheilocephalidae Shaw, 1956. The trilobite Liostracina simesi-Placosema convexa Zone has been established for the last occurrence of Miaolingian Series in North China Platform. It is very useful and significant for the stratigraphical correlation between North China Platform and South China Slope.

11 STUDY ON ORDOVICIAN FLOIAN GRAPTOLITE FAUNA IN ZHONGXIANG AREA, NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE YANGTZE PLATFORM

LIU Hao , ZENG Qing-luan , DENG Xin , JIN Xin-biao , XU Da-liang , ZHANG Wei-feng , PENG Lian-hong

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.029 CSTR:

[Abstract](740) [HTML](0) [PDF 12.61 M](24748)

Abstract:
The Florian in Zhongxiang, Hubei Province is mainly composed of grayish black shale with siltstone and limestone lens, and has high abundance and diversity of fossils. Thirty-one species belonging to 7 genera of graptolites were identified in Wen-xiakou section through systematic collection and identification, which are common genera and species in Yangtze platform area. There are Didymograptellus bifidus Biozone, Corymbograptus deflexus Biozone and Azygograptus suecicus Biozone in ascending order, which is consistent with Yichang and Nanzhang area, but the composition of fossil genera and species is quite different. Zhongxiang area is located at the margin of Yangtze Platform in Floian with rich nutrients and low oxygen environment, which are beneficial to the flourishing of graptolite fauna and the preservation of graptolite fossils.

12 EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN NON-DISSEPIMENTED SOLITARY RUGOSE CORALS FROM NORTHERN XINJIANG

LIAO Wei-hua , LIANG Kun , LUO Zheng-jiang ,

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.015 CSTR:

[Abstract](552) [HTML](0) [PDF 2.76 M](1957)

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The Early Mississippian strata in Barkol that is located in the east margins of the Junggar Basin, and Toli and Hoboksar counties that are located in the west margins of the Basin, north Xinjiang are characterized by the occurrences of relatively deep-water black shale and bioclastic micrite limestone, yielding abundant pelagic ammonoids, conodonts and benthic bra-chiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, bivalves, tabulate corals, non-dissepimented solitary rugose corals, and spores, etc. Ac-cording to the assemblages of ammonoids and conodonts, the strata is undoubtedly of Early Mississippian in age, within the Tournaisian Stage of the international chronostratigraphic chart. The rugose corals from four different Early Mississippian outcrops of north Xinjiang are investigated in this study, and they belong to eight species of eight different genera, including two new species and an undetermined genus and species.

13 LOBATANNULARIA LINJIAENSIS SP. NOV. FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF BENXI, LIAONING

XU Yi-zhi , YUE Ning , LIU Shi , ZHANG Yi , ZHENG Shao-lin , WANG Yong-dong , HUO Xin-ran

2020, 59(3). DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.024 CSTR:

[Abstract](655) [HTML](0) [PDF 7.68 M](2186)

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Lobatannularia linjiaensis sp. nov. belonging to the order Equisetales has been described from the Middle Triassic Linjia Formation of Benxi in Liaoning, Northeast China. The new species is characterized by small leaf-whorls, each leaf-whorl forming two marked lobes, generally composed of 10–12 leaves; leaves linear to oblanceolate, with different sizes in length, united for 1/3 to 3/4 of their length. Since Kawasaki erected the genus Lobatannularia in 1927, at least 33 species have been described on the basis of the morphology of the megafossils. Most of them are collected from the Permian, seldom found in Triassic. As a relict Cathaysian element, the new species not only enlarges the knowledge in taxonomy of Lobatannularia, but also provides an opportunity to understand the evolution of Lobatannularia in the mass extinction through the Permi-an?Triassic transition and its subsequent recovery.

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