Volume 58,Issue 2,2019 Table of Contents

1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFOSSILS FROM THE LOWER CAMBRIAN KUCHUANPU FORMATION IN SOUTHERN SHAANXI,CHINA

ZHANG Tao , LEI Dan-bo , WANG Bin , NIU Ben , YANG Xiao-guang , HAN Jian

2019, 58(2):141-151. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.001 CSTR:

[Abstract](751) [HTML](104) [PDF 11.94 M](2111)

Abstract:
The early Cambrian Kuachuanpu Formation in south Shaanxi, China is well known for phosphatized small shelly fossils and metazoan embryo fossils, thus it is a critical window for investigating the origin of metazoans and Cambrian explosion. Finding the valuable specimens among numerous microfossils is quite low in efficiency based on the manually selecting under the microscope, thus we developed a method of machine learning and artificial intelligence for recognition and classification of microfossils. We have acquired more than 5 000 images of major taxa from the Kuanchuanpu Formation and reached a high precision rate in image processing and fossil recognition.

2 THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ONTOGENY OF TSUNYIELLA LUNA FROM THE CAMBRIAN NIUTITANG FORMATION IN SONGLIN TOWN,ZUNYI COUNTY,GUIZHOU PROVINCE

CAO Peng , YANG Xing-lian , WU Wei-yi , WANG Yuan , WEI Bu-qing

2019, 58(2):152-162. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.002 CSTR:

[Abstract](604) [HTML](103) [PDF 13.51 M](1957)

Abstract:
The ontogeny of Tsunyiella luna of the Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Zunyi, Guizhou Province is studied preliminarily using the geometric morphometric method. The result shows that the growth pattern of T. luna is allometric. And the ratio between the hinge-line length and shell length is decreasing with inverse proportional function during the ontogeny. The ventral margin is balanced growth. However, the molting stage is still not clear now. The ontogeny can be divided into three stages: early stage, middle stage and late stage. In the early stage, structure is from scratch, and the ratio of the height to length became larger as the shell become round. In the middle stage, the proportion of anterior node and dorsal margin ridge in the shell and the ratio of height to length gradually decreased, and the mid-dorsal area gradually increased on the contrary and the shell form gradually retral swing. In the late stage, the proportion of anterior node in the shell increased slightly, and the dorsal margin ridge decreased, and the mid-dorsal area is not obvious, and the ratio of height to length increased, and the shell form was more round. This ontogenetic study provides more information for further study on taxonomy and phylogeny of T. luna.

3 ONTOGENY FOR CHANGASPISELONGATA CHIEN,1961FROM THE CAMBRIAN BALANG FORMATION OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATION

DU Guang-ying , PENG Jin , WANG De-zhi , WANG Yi-fan

2019, 58(2):163-177. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.003 CSTR:

[Abstract](620) [HTML](117) [PDF 11.07 M](1902)

Abstract:
Based on 296 specimens of Changaspis elongata from the Lazizhai section of the Cambrian Balang Formation in Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, the traditional morphometric method was used to measure the features of the cranidium and trunk. Combining the scatter plots, Reduced Major Axis regression and linear fitting, it was confirmed that these specimens are ascribed to Changaspis elongata, and a total of 12 continuous ontogenetic stages from meraspid degree 6 to holaspid stage are determined, revealing the morphological characteristics of the ontogeny. The growth range of the dorsal skeleton length, glabellar length, cranidial length and width are relatively small from the meraspid degrees 6 to 10. The proportion of the cranidial length to length of dorsal skeleton gradually decreased from 50% to 34% with the growth of the segments. With the increase of the glabellar length, the anterior and posterior width of the glabella show the linear growth trend. The ontogenetic sequence confirmed that the holaspid stage of C. elongata has 17 thoracic segments, which was different from the previous 16 segments. The scatter plot and linear fit suggested that the original specimens of C. micropyge and C. placenta should be intraspecific variation of the ontogeny of C. elongata, reconfirming that the two species should be synonyms of C. elongata.

4 TUBULAR SKELETAL MICROFOSSILS FROM THE CAMBRIAN“TSINGHSUTUNG FORMATION”OF GUIZHOU,CHINA

WANG Yuan , YANG Xing-lian , ZHAO Yuan-long , CAO Peng

2019, 58(2):178-187. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.004 CSTR:

[Abstract](487) [HTML](102) [PDF 3.41 M](1865)

Abstract:
Diverse early Cambrian skeletal microfossils have been discovered from South China, which has provided an excellent evidence for solving the affinity of some problematic microfossils and understanding the evolution of early Cambrian metazoan. Recently, we found some tubular skeletal microfossils from the "Tsinghsutung Formation" in Jianhe, Guizhou Province, which belong to Torellella, Hyolithellus, Coleoloides and scaly ornament tubular microfossils Mongolitubulus squamifer. M. squamifer has a wide distribution. We assumed that M. squamifer might be the carapace spines of the Bradoriida crustaceans based on the features of microfossils from "Tsinghsutung Formation" in comparing with the variety of Mongolitubulus described in the literature.

5 LATEST ORDOVICIAN TO EARLY SILURIAN GRAPTOLITES OF THE DAXICHANG FORMATION IN SINAN,GUIZHOU,CHINA

WANG Wen-juan , CHEN Jian-wen , ZHANG Yin-guo

2019, 58(2):188-201. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.005 CSTR:

[Abstract](607) [HTML](97) [PDF 6.63 M](1959)

Abstract:
Based on graptolite beds of the Daxichang Formation in Sinan, Guizhou, investigated by Yu et al., a study on the graptolite fauna is carried out in the present paper. Seven graptolite species assigned to six genera described herein are Styracograptus chiai(Mu, 1949), Normalograptus mirnyensis(Obut and Sobolevskaya, 1967),Normalograptus ajjeri(Legrand, 1977), Metaclimacograptus hughesi(Nicholson, 1869),Avitograptus avitus(Davies,1929),Atavograptus atavus(Jones, 1909) and Korenograptus laciniosus(Churkin and Carter, 1970). The graptolite beds correspond to the Dicellograptus complexus Biozone, Akidograptus ascensus Biozone and Cystograptus vesiculosus-Coronograptus cyphus Biozone in ascending order. The graptolite fauna is low-diversity composed mostly of global species throughout the Ordovician and Silurian transition, except for one species, Styracograptus chiai(Mu).

6 DISCOVERY OF SEVERAL SPHENOPHYLLUM FROM CISURALIAN IN YONGCHANG,GANSU AND ITS PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE

SUN Fan-kai , XIONG Cong-hui , WANG Zi-xi , WANG Xue-lian , SUN Bai-nian

2019, 58(2):202-215. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.006 CSTR:

[Abstract](674) [HTML](109) [PDF 20.44 M](2057)

Abstract:
In order to study the taxonomic diversity and morphology evolution of Sphenophyllum in the Late Paleozoic, several sphenophytes fossils, collected from Taiyuan Formation in Yongchang County, Gansu, were studied by comparing their morphological characters with similar fossil species. A total of 5 species within 2 genera of sphenophytes fossils were identified in this study, including vegetative leaves and reproductive organs. Based on these new specimens of Sphenophyllum, some characteristics(longitudinal lines present on stem surface, the number of leaf divisions and leaf veins, etc.) of Sphenophyllum kawasakii Stockm. and Math and Sphenophyllum oblongifolium(Unger) Barthel were modified. A new species of Bowmanites yongchangensis sp. nov. was also reported. According to the palaeogeographic distribution of Sphenophyllum plants in the Late Paleozoic, Sphenophyllum reported in the early Cisuralian from the study area showed a high diversity. And it can also be speculated that Sphenophyllum plants originated no later than the late Devonian, and spread into North China from South China during the Visean. Finally, in the late Pennsylvania, Sphenophyllum migrated from North China into the Longshoushan Mountain area in Alashan Terrane.

7 THE FIRST COMPLETE PAREIASAUR SKULL FROM CHINA

WANG Jun-you , YI Jian , LIU Jun

2019, 58(2):216-221. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.007 CSTR:

[Abstract](1691) [HTML](147) [PDF 2.16 M](2384)

Abstract:
Although seven pareiasaur species have been named from China, none of them is represented by well-preserved cranial material. Here we briefly describe a new material from Ordos Basin, it includes a nearly complete skull with occluding mandibles. This specimen can be referred to Elginiidae by dermal bosses of cranial bones that have a long and pointed horn, cheek ornamentation in the form of prominent conical horns, supratemporal horn projecting posterolaterally from corner of skull table, slender parabasisphenoid with median, ventral groove, and enlarged tabulars(supernumerary bones) that contact each other medially, thereby excluding the postparietals from the caudal margin of the skull roof. It shares the following features with Sanchuansaurus pygmaeus: a small boss on the maxillary anterodorsal process posterior to the naris, maxillary teeth with fan-shaped crown, 9-11 cusps; and differs from the latter by two exits for the infraorbital canal on the lateral surface are closer and more ventrally(close to the alveoli margin), crown nearly not overlapped, only 14 alveoli(tooth sockets). It shares unique features on the mandible with Huanghesaurus liulinensis for the ventral margin of the mandible nearly straight, the angular with a boss towards the posterior end, dentary teeth with ~17 cusps, the midline bulge ascends the medial face of the crown. The previous cladistics analyses do not support a closely relationship of Huanghesaurus with Elgiidae, but the new specimen supports a closely relationship between Sanchuansaurus and Huanghesaurus, and both should be a member of Elginiidae. The new specimen is referred to Shitienfenia as a new species, S. completus. However, it is also possibly belonged to Shitienfenia permica while Sanchuansaurus pygmaeus and Huanghesaurus liulinensis are valid species. Recently, many skeletons have been collected from the same locality, they will help to resolve the interrelationships of Shitienfenia, Huanghesaurus, and Sanchuansaurus.

8 ICHNOFABRICS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS JIAGUAN FORMATION IN EMEI MT.AREA,SOUTHWEST SICHUAN BASIN

CHEN Lu , LU Ting-qing , GUO Wei , LI Shuang , CHEN Quan-jun , ZHANG Ju-sheng , WANG Guang-qiang

2019, 58(2):222-231. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.008 CSTR:

[Abstract](538) [HTML](104) [PDF 10.81 M](2043)

Abstract:
The Upper Cretaceous Jiaguan Formation mainly consists of a set of thick-bedded fine-to medium-grained sandstones, with a few intercalations of siltstones and mudstones, and conglomerates at its bottom in the Emei Mt. area, southwest Sichuan Basin. It contains a large amount of trace fossils, which has been attributed to 9 ichnogenera and 11 ichnospecies. Based on the characteristic trace fossils and their tiering patterns, they are divided into 5 types of ichnofabrics: Palaeophycus ichnofabric, Arenicolites ichnofabric, Skolithos ichnofabric, Planolites ichnofabric and Scoyenia ichnofabric. Palaeophycus ichnofabric is observed at the bottom of the point bar of fluvial deposits with very high energy. Arenicolites ichnofabric is preserved in the point bar and Skolithos ichnofabrics in the transitional environment from the point bar to the embankment in fluvial deposits. And the last two ichnofabrics are both preserved in the natural levee deposits with lower energy.

9 ON THE MOPHOLOGY,MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF TRIPROJECTACITES

WU Yi-xiao , LI Jian-guo , ZHU Huai-cheng

2019, 58(2):232-248. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.009 CSTR:

[Abstract](563) [HTML](135) [PDF 10.63 M](1765)

Abstract:
Triprojectacites Mtchedlishvili, 1961 emend. Stanley, 1970 is a group of angiosperm pollen with great significance in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene stratigraphy and palynofloristic biogeography in the Northern Hemisphere. Their extreme complexity in morphology makes it very difficult in measuring and describing these pollen. There is no clear and uniform standard so far, which as a result hampers the progress on the classification of Triprojectacites.Triprojectacites is diagnosed by three or occasionally four to five projections with colpate apertures, which excludes tricolporate types from this group. The equatorial zone, where projections grow from body, divides the body into two parts, which determine the polarity of the pollen grain(Fig. 1). The initiation area of projections from the body is called the base of projection while the distal part at the opposite direction is called the terminal of projection.Based on the observation of a large number of specimens from the Cretaceous strata in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China, a standard of measuring methodology of Triprojectacites is here proposed. Base Point(B) of projection is defined as the beginning of the endexinous thickening along the projection, which marks the border between projection and body. Similarly, Distal Point(D) of the endexinous thickening represents the base of terminal of a projection. These referring points, together with Tip Point(T) of projection and two poles(P), provide the basis for an accurate implementation of the following measurements(Fig. 7), i. e. length(h) and width(w_b) of body, length of distal(h₁)and proximal(h₂) body, length(l_p) and width(w₁) of projection, terminal width of projection(w₂) and length of endexinous thickening(w_t).Based on these measurements, six mathematical indices are designated for evaluating the morphology of body and projection. Length-width ratios of body(R_b) and projection(R_p) can describe the shape of body and projection. Width Index of projection(WI=w₁/h) and Length Index of projection(LI=l_p/w_b) can tell if the projection is robust or not as compared to body. Reduction Rate of projection(R_r) reveals the narrowing gradient from the base towards the terminal of a projection. Polarity Index(PI=h₁/h₂ shows how much projection is deviated away from the center of the body. The last index has an advantage in avoiding the interference of the angle and width of projection.With the assistance of the indices above, body can be divided into different types of shapes as cylindrical, ellipsoidal, biconical, or diamond-shaped and projection can be described as slat-like, lingulate, ear-like, or lanceolate. Also, specimens preserved at different position, e.g. in polar view and equatorial view, can be well compared.These description terms and indices and their measurement methodology will provide a significant contribution to the establishment of a scientific and reasonable classification system for Triprojectacites.

10 MIOCENE SCLERACTINIA FROM WELL XK-1,XISHA ISLANDS,SOUTH CHINA SEA

LIU Xin-yu , ZHU You-hua , SHI De-feng , LIAO Wei-hua , LUO Wei , XU Bo , LI Qi-jian , ZHU Li-ye

2019, 58(2):249-255. DOI: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2019.02.010 CSTR:

[Abstract](754) [HTML](180) [PDF 5.85 M](1812)

Abstract:
About 19 genera of scleractinian corals were found in the interval 374.95 m to 1257.52 m of the Well XK-1 from Xisha Islands, South China Sea. They are Acropora, Antillophyllia, Astreopora, Caryophyllia,Coenangia, Cricocyathus, Cyphastrea, Diploastrea, Enallopsammia, Favia, Favites, Fungia, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Meandrina, Montipora, Phyllangia, Porites, Turbinaria. The scleractinian corals mainly occurred in the member 2 and at the top of member 1 of Huangliu Formation, ranging from the upper part of member 2 to member 1 of the Meishan Formation and in the member 2 of the Sanya Formation as well. Among them, the genus Antillophyllia has hitherto been known from Oligocene to Miocene, while the genus Cricocyathus has been recorded from Eocene to Miocene. It means that the age of the strata is not younger than Miocene. Concluding from the stratigraphic division of foraminifera, calcareous algae and calcareous nannofossils, the interval of 374.95—1257.52 m of the Well XK-1 is assigned to the Miocene in age. Furthermore, the main characteristics of solitary corals such as Cricocyathus, Antillophyllia, Phyllangia and the compound coral Goniastrea are described in this paper.

Volume 58,Issue 2,2019 Table of Contents

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