古木年代久远、分布广泛, 具有重要的历史、文化和科学价值。测定古木的年代, 对于认识和保护木质文物、探索人类文明的发展轨迹、了解古代气候变化和生态系统演变具有重要意义。本文介绍了放射性碳(¹⁴C)定年、树轮年代学定年和红外/近红外光谱定年三种科学定年方法的各自原理、研究现状、优缺点及前沿方向。总结分析发现: 放射性碳定年法作为最常见的古木年代测定方法, 但存在一定的误差; 树轮年代学是目前最精确的古木定年方法, 但目前适用于我国古木定年的长年轮年表比较匮乏; 红外/近红外光谱技术为古木年代测定提供了新的研究手段。

Ancient woods hold significant historical, cultural, and scientific values due to their long history and widespread distribution. Dating ancient woods is essential for understanding and preserving wooden cultural relics, tracing the development of human civilization, and uncovering ancient climatic changes and ecosystem evolution. This paper introduces the principles of three scientific dating methods: radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating, dendrochronological dating, and infrared/near-infrared spectroscopic dating. It also summarizes the current status of ancient wood dating research based on these three methods both domestically and internationally, and analyzes the advantages, limitations, and development directions of the three methods. In summary, radiocarbon dating is the most commonly used method, it may result in errors when applied to ancient woods. Dendrochronological dating is currently the most accurate method for dating ancient woods, but there is a lack of long tree-ring chronologies suitable for this purpose in China. Infrared/near-infrared spectroscopic technology, on the other hand, provides a promising new method for the dating of ancient woods. This paper is expected to inspire and assist those who are involved in the preservation and scientific research of wooden cultural relics.

北京市科学计划公益应用类项目(Z090506016609002)；故宫博物院科研项目(201909012)资助